Neural Correlates of Dance
Dancing
is most definitely my favorite form of art. It is actually one of the
few forms that can be placed in both the categories of arts and sports
(maybe we should start calling it a ‘spart’!). Dancing beautifully
integrates complex motor learning and memory, rhythmic musical
synchronization, and creative emotional expression. As a neuroscientist
and a dancer, I feel compelled to summarize here the links between these
two fascinating fields and some interesting features of the dancing
brain.
Dance Performance
Not
surprisingly, the brain areas that are activated during dancing are
mostly the ones involved in the planning and execution of movements
(motor cortex and basal ganglia), in receiving feedback from the muscles
(somatosensory cortex), and in the fine tuning and coordination of
movements (cerebellum) [1].
Brown
and colleagues looked more deeply into which brain areas are activated
by particular aspects of dancing. They placed amateur tango dancers in a
positron emission tomography scanner while performing leg movements on a
designed apparatus. The putamen (part of the basal ganglia) was
strongly activated only when the subject danced to regular, metric
music, but not to an irregular rhythm. The cerebellum was implicated in
matching dance steps to music and the superior parietal lobule was
engaged in spatial guidance of leg motions [2].These
findings suggest that different areas of the central nervous system are
responsible for the control of specific and distinct tasks in dancing.
Source: Chris Gash |
Dance Observation
Other
neuroimaging studies observed the brain's response to visual
observation of dance. Dancers trained in either ballet or capoeira (a
Brazilian martial art) and non-dancers watched videos of both these
styles while their brains were scanned. All subjects showed activation
of brain areas involved in action observation and simulation networks –
the “mirror neuron system”.
However,
activation of these areas was stronger in dance experts and even
stronger when the dancers saw movements they had been trained to
perform, compared to watching movements they were unfamiliar with. There
was no difference in the brain activity of non-dancers while watching
ballet or capoeira [3]. This shows that even passive observation of
dance activates movement areas in the brain as if you were moving
yourself, and that dancers have an enhanced neural representation of
their personal motor repertoire.
With Practice Comes Adaptation
An
interesting study showed that the brain of ballet dancers adapts to
prevent them from feeling dizzy. Brain scans revealed that the
vestibular cerebellum, an area responsible for the perception of
dizziness, is smaller in dancers compared to non-dancers [4]. This
demonstrates that even the vestibular response is sensitive to training.
Also, skilled dancers depend less on vision for postural control
compared to non-dancers. Instead, they rely on their highly accurate
proprioception – the sense of awareness of body parts’ positions in
space [5].
DANCING INCREASES NEURAL
CONNECTIVITY
Professional
dancers are also trained with motor techniques to perform highly
demanding moves in apparently effortless ways. An electromyography study
showed that, when performing swinging leg movements, skilled ballet
dancers selectively applied minimal muscle tension at the very same
position where the sway force was maximal. This means that they learn to
optimize motor function and consequently reduce energy costs in terms
of force and muscle contraction [6].
Benefits of Dancing
Several
studies have observed better balance, posture, proprioception, and
cardio-respiratory resistance in dancers compared to non-dancers. But
don’t think you would have to become a professional to profit from these
benefits. Even short episodes of breakdance training increase balance
skills in young amateurs [7].
Dance
practice has the potential to improve not only motor, but also
cognitive skills. An impressive 21-year study showed that frequent
dancing is highly protective against dementias, such as Alzheimer’s
disease, lowering the risk as much as 76%! It was also found to be much
more beneficial than doing crossword puzzles (47% reduced risk), reading
(35%) or swimming or bicycling (0% – no difference at all) [8].
DANCERS RELY ON PROPRIOCEPTION
MORE THAN VISION
Neuroplasticity
is likely responsible for this effect. When we dance, we enrich our
brain, making split-second decisions and creating new synapses and
neural paths that become especially valuable as we age.
Dancing
is not only physically demanding, it is cognitively demanding as well.
So when you dance, you are exercising both your body and your brain.
Regular dance training makes you improve innumerable motor and cognitive
skills, contributes to brain plasticity, and enhances social
interaction. And, all health benefits aside, dancing is simply fun! How
much better can it possibly get?
[2] Brown et al, Cereb Cortex, 2006
[3] Calvo-Merino et al, Cereb Cortex, 2005
[4] Nigmatullina et al, Cereb Cortex, 2013
[5] Golomer and Dupui, Int J Neurosci, 2000
[6] Lepelley et al, Exp Brain Res, 2006
[7] Ricotti and Ravaschio, Gait Posture, 2011
[8] Verghese et al, N Engl J Med, 2003
by Mariana Cerdeira, PhD Student AG Harms
This article originally appeared 2015 in CNS Volume 8, Issue 2, Art. And the Brain.
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